Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe,amapulasitiki e-polymerbaye benza impumelelo enkulu, benza izinto zokwakha zabantu kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezisekelwe kokuqinile nokushesha ukuya kokuthambile.
1.Incazelo
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zeamapulasitiki e-polymerikakhulukazi izinhlanganisela ze-polymer, isisindo sazo samangqamuzana silinganiselwa ku-1 000, okuwumqondo womzimba kuphela.Njengamanje, amapulasitiki e-polymer asetshenziswa kabanzi, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwepulasitiki kuhlanganiswa yizinhlanganisela ze-polymer, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi i-high noma i-macromolecule, ihlanganiswa ngezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-monomer noma izinto zokusetshenziswa zibe izinto ezihlanganisiwe, futhi ngokuthuthuka kamuva, kanye ne-fusion resin, umbala, i-stabilizer nezinye izithasiselo.Ukwakheka kwepulasitiki ye-polymer kungashintshwa ngokukhululekile futhi kungaklanywa ngokuya ngezidingo zomsebenzisi.
2.Izici
Amapulasitiki e-polymer awanayo nje kuphela ehlukile, okungukuthi, izinguquko ezinqunyiwe ekubunjweni, kodwa futhi ane-viscoelasticity.Ipulasitiki ye-polymer, uma ingaphansi kwamandla angaphandle, umzimba wayo uzokhiqiza ukuguqulwa okuphezulu kwe-elastic, ukugeleza kwe-viscous, ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ye-polymer kuhlobene kakhulu nesikhathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ipulasitiki ye-polymer nayo inamandla athile aphezulu, amandla aphansi nezinye izici, amandla epulasitiki ye-polymer ngokuvamile aphansi, kodwa ukuminyana kwawo kuphansi, ngakho amandla aphakama.I-Polymer inezici eziningi, njengokuzinza okuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu, ukunwetshwa, ukwahlukanisa okuphezulu, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ngokuthandwa ngabantu abaningi.
Izinhlobo zamapulasitiki e-polymer nazo zihlukene.Njengamanje, ukuhlukaniswa kwamapulasitiki e-polymer e-China ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa izigaba eziyisikhombisa: irabha, i-polymer coatings, izinto ze-polymer, izinhlanganisela ze-matrix, amapulasitiki, imicu namapulasitiki.
a.Irabha.
Intengo ye-raber ye-molecular chain incane, iyaguquguquka, lokhu kuvela endaweni yokubuka emkhakheni we-physics.Irabha enobukhulu bamandla angaphandle izoshintsha ukuma kwayo, ngokungazinzi, uma amandla angaphandle asusiwe, isimo sokuqala senjoloba singabuyiselwa ngokushesha.
b.I-adhesive ye-polymer.
Izinto zokunamathela ze-polymer adhesive ikakhulukazi izinhlanganisela zemvelo.Ngokusebenza, ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: i-adhesive yemvelo, yokwenziwa.Okusetshenziswa kakhulu yi-synthetic adhesive.
c.i-polymer enamathela.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zezingubo ze-polymer ikakhulukazi ama-polymers, enziwe ngendlela elula, ikakhulukazi enezela ama-solvents noma izithasiselo ekukhiqizeni kwayo.I-polymer enamathela ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezi-3 ngokuvamile, okungukuthi amafutha, i-synthetic resin kanye ne-resin yemvelo, evame ukusetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
d.izinto ze-polymer.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinesisindo esikhulu samangqamuzana ikakhulukazi zifaka i-enzyme ephezulu yamangqamuzana nezinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo zamangqamuzana.Izinto ze-polymer zinemisebenzi ethile: amandla, izinto ezibonakalayo, ukuguqulwa kolwazi, ukudlulisa kanye ne-magnetism.
e.i-fiber.
I-fiber ivamile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: i-fiber yemvelo kanye ne-chemical fiber.I-Fiber inezici zamandla amancane okuguqula, amandla amancane e-valence yesibili kanye ne-modulus ephezulu emcabangweni womzimba.
f.Ipulasitiki.
Ipulasitiki iwuhlobo lwezinto EZISEBENZISA okwengeziwe okwamanje, futhi kube yinto evamile kakhulu.Izingxenye eziyinhloko zamapulasitiki ngokuvamile ziyizinhlayiya zokwenziwa, ama-polymers emvelo, nokuhlanganiswa kwezinye izithasiselo, njengama-plasticizers, ama-filler nokunye.Ipulasitiki ngokuvamile isekelwe ku-resin yokwenziwa, ngakho-ke ingahlukaniswa ibe ipulasitiki ye-thermosetting, i-thermoplastic.
3. Izinto ezibonakalayo
Ngokuvamile, uma ipulasitiki polymer ibekwe ezimweni isothermal, kulula ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo.Ekucubunguleni kwangempela, izinga lokushisa le-crystallization alihambisani ngokuphelele.Uma umehluko we-crystallization lokushisa mkhulu, uzothinta inqubo ye-crystallization.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukucindezeleka okuphezulu kuvame ukwakheka ohlelweni lokuphotha, ukwakheka kwefilimu kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-extrusion, okuholela ekuthambekeni kokusheshisa umkhiqizo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulasitiki asebenzisa amasu ekucindezelekeni kwe-shear.Futhi ngaphansi kwethonya lokucindezeleka okuqinile, ukuncibilika kuzokwakha amakristalu amade ama-fibrous.Lapho izinga lokucindezelwa kanye nengcindezi liphezulu, amaketanga aba made kakhulu futhi ayanda indawo yokuncibilika.
4. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali
Ngokuvamile, uma amapulasitiki e-polymer ebekwe ekucindezelekeni okuphezulu nezimo zokushisa eziphakeme, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana kuzoba nezinguquko ezithile.Kule ndlela yokusabela, amapulasitiki e-polymer ngokuvamile akhulula inani elikhulu lezinto ezonakele, ngaleyo ndlela akhiphe izinto eziyingozi kakhulu.Kuze kube manje, ekucubunguleni kufanele kube nezinkomba ezicacile zezinto ezingavuthiwe, khetha izinto ezisetshenziswayo eziphezulu.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elincane le-antioxidant ne-stabilizer lingangezwa kufomula ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kokulwa nokuwohloka kwe-polymer.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-16-2019